Data underlying the publication: A Closer Look at Lithium-Ion Batteries in E-waste and the Potential for a Universal Hydrometallurgical Recycling Process
doi: 10.4121/fb1d44aa-8d83-44c5-ac6a-f18e6d43a42d
CC0
Abstract
The demand for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) is rising, resulting in a growing need to recycle the critical raw materials (CRMs) which they contain. Typically, all spent LiBs from consumer electronics end up in a single waste stream that is processed to produce black mass (BM) for further recovery. It is desired to design a recycling process that can deal with a mixture of LiBs. Hence, this study investigates the structure and composition of battery modules in common appliances such as laptops, power banks, smart watches, wireless earphones and mobile phones. The battery cells in the module were disassembled into cell casing, cathode, anode and separator. Then, the cathode active materials (CAMs) were characterized in detail with XRD-, SEM-, EDX- and ICP-OES-analysis. No direct link was found between the chemistry of the active materials (NMC, LCO, LMO, LFP etc.) and the application. Various BM samples were submitted to a leaching procedure (2 M H2SO4, 50 °C, 2 hr, 60 g BM/L) with varying concentration (0-4 vol%) of H2O2 to study the influence of their chemical composition on the dissolution of Li, Ni, Mn and Co. Only a part of the BMs dissolved completely at 4 vol% H2O2, which was attributed to the oxidation state of the transition metals (TMs). Exact determination of H2O2 consumption by redox titration confirmed this hypothesis.
- 2024-07-29 first online, published, posted
DATA
- 4,355 bytesMD5:
0b5ac6ac14c19e71f9f9d648c2abea64README .txt - 16,908 bytesMD5:
1913da4641637f9d07624dfde377112f20220614 ICP calculations (LCO + NMC 1).ods - 15,732 bytesMD5:
d95ca54535961a866b07f738838894fe20220616 ICP calculations (LCO1).ods - 21,201 bytesMD5:
2a00c22c77e0eac8a47043f68d46e28820220620 ICP calculations (NMC 1).ods - 17,316 bytesMD5:
3c7e5ff70f258ab23340d4b9286d93a820220711 ICP calculations (LMO + NMC).ods - 17,240 bytesMD5:
be341cc19789d2116fab3cc21e00291a20220714 ICP calculations (LCO 2).ods - 17,070 bytesMD5:
f59466e3186d66964b2b71adc3946c1520220725 ICP calculations (LCO + NMC 2).ods - 17,175 bytesMD5:
484ce5ac664673831a47bbbe9c07b4bc20221124 ICP calculations (NMC 2).ods - 17,853 bytesMD5:
7b650707cef307295253580ecd31934d20230516I ICP calculations (industrial).ods - 46,650 bytesMD5:
270cca84fb056119d49fbf9d1a928287Data figure 2, figure 4, table 1.ods - 22,663 bytesMD5:
0f693f04553ebe02ec5f7b706f2d527eLeaching and titration NMC 1 and NMC 2.ods - 22,312 bytesMD5:
2ed7f5dd5d10fe60365785a60b87782fLeaching and titration pristine NMC 532 and Industrial.ods - 19,823 bytesMD5:
c6f04e62ad5bd2d48991b916bd72b52fLeaching results industrial.ods - 19,479 bytesMD5:
ac42f7c2da265e17ff4bdc9d03601166Leaching results LCO + NMC 1.ods - 19,324 bytesMD5:
82a65c79325866774aa677c7e0b76e42Leaching results LCO + NMC 2.ods - 19,247 bytesMD5:
aef4c7f6f261afc695d5a243fff7edabLeaching results NMC 1.ods - 19,517 bytesMD5:
0c74eab0e42e90b9a4aa773384d6bffdLeaching results NMC 2.ods - 19,192 bytesMD5:
0b5a230d05ef0dce981ee223e2c9e968Leaching results pristine NMC 532.ods - 21,387 bytesMD5:
36c6a46e140c60a2bc92945d7f2ac9f6LFP ICPOES (LFP).ods -
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