Overview of rotation centers and axes in the shoulder and arm

                 



 

All data are given in the measurement coordinate system. This system roughly corresponds with the Z-axis vertically upwards, the Y-axis horizontally forward and the X-axis horizontally outward. Of course, these data can be transformed to any coordinate system with the use of the anatomical landmarks. The coordinates of these landmarks are given in the XYZ-files (see the Introduction for an explanation of the methods)



(back to overview)


Glenohumeral rotation center
Px
Py
Pz
e (cm)
specimen 1_r
26.13
5.16
32.88
0.80
specimen 2_r
25.50
4.51
38.15
1.29
specimen 2_l
25.49
-1.30
38.41
1.66
specimen 3_r
24.69
4.04
37.90
1.03
specimen 4_r
25.92
2.66
36.44
1.65

Flexion/Extension axis
Px
Py
Pz
e (cm)
Vx
Vy
Vz
e (deg)
specimen 1_r
23.81
5.38
3.55
0.65
-0.9592
-0.2816
0.0349
1.61
specimen 2_r
26.89
3.08
5.07
0.78
-0.8608
0.4715
-0.2000
2.59
specimen 2_l
24.90
-3.99
5.67
0.63
-0.4309
-0.9004
-0.0793
1.86
specimen 3_r
26.71
1.90
8.23
0.90
-0.9569
-0.2837
-0.0692
2.12
specimen 4_r
28.24
-0.26
4.79
1.27
-0.9935
-0.1027
-0.0574
1.45

Pro/Supination axis
Px
Py
Pz
e (cm)
Vx
Vy
Vz
e (deg)
specimen 1_r
25.80
7.05
-3.71
0.24
-0.0421
0.1882
-0.9812
0.40
specimen 2_r
29.03
3.11
0.97
0.43
0.1355
0.1382
-0.9814
1.43
specimen 2_l
27.57
-1.21
1.86
0.59
0.1976
-0.0801
-0.9772
1.24
specimen 3_r
28.54
4.21
-2.47
0.40
0.0021
0.1949
-0.9809
0.73
specimen 4_r
30.29
2.53
-5.07
0.55
0.0989
0.2993
-0.9491
0.91