Overview of rotation centers and axes in the
shoulder and arm
All data are given in the measurement coordinate system. This system
roughly corresponds with the Z-axis vertically upwards,
the Y-axis horizontally forward and the X-axis horizontally outward. Of course,
these data can be transformed to any coordinate system with the use of the
anatomical landmarks. The coordinates of these landmarks are given in the
XYZ-files (see the Introduction for
an explanation of the methods)
(back to overview)
Glenohumeral rotation center
|
Px
|
Py
|
Pz
|
e (cm)
|
specimen 1_r
|
26.13
|
5.16
|
32.88
|
0.80
|
specimen 2_r
|
25.50
|
4.51
|
38.15
|
1.29
|
specimen 2_l
|
25.49
|
-1.30
|
38.41
|
1.66
|
specimen 3_r
|
24.69
|
4.04
|
37.90
|
1.03
|
specimen 4_r
|
25.92
|
2.66
|
36.44
|
1.65
|
Flexion/Extension
axis
|
Px
|
Py
|
Pz
|
e (cm)
|
Vx
|
Vy
|
Vz
|
e (deg)
|
specimen 1_r
|
23.81
|
5.38
|
3.55
|
0.65
|
-0.9592
|
-0.2816
|
0.0349
|
1.61
|
specimen 2_r
|
26.89
|
3.08
|
5.07
|
0.78
|
-0.8608
|
0.4715
|
-0.2000
|
2.59
|
specimen 2_l
|
24.90
|
-3.99
|
5.67
|
0.63
|
-0.4309
|
-0.9004
|
-0.0793
|
1.86
|
specimen 3_r
|
26.71
|
1.90
|
8.23
|
0.90
|
-0.9569
|
-0.2837
|
-0.0692
|
2.12
|
specimen 4_r
|
28.24
|
-0.26
|
4.79
|
1.27
|
-0.9935
|
-0.1027
|
-0.0574
|
1.45
|
Pro/Supination axis
|
Px
|
Py
|
Pz
|
e (cm)
|
Vx
|
Vy
|
Vz
|
e (deg)
|
specimen 1_r
|
25.80
|
7.05
|
-3.71
|
0.24
|
-0.0421
|
0.1882
|
-0.9812
|
0.40
|
specimen 2_r
|
29.03
|
3.11
|
0.97
|
0.43
|
0.1355
|
0.1382
|
-0.9814
|
1.43
|
specimen 2_l
|
27.57
|
-1.21
|
1.86
|
0.59
|
0.1976
|
-0.0801
|
-0.9772
|
1.24
|
specimen 3_r
|
28.54
|
4.21
|
-2.47
|
0.40
|
0.0021
|
0.1949
|
-0.9809
|
0.73
|
specimen 4_r
|
30.29
|
2.53
|
-5.07
|
0.55
|
0.0989
|
0.2993
|
-0.9491
|
0.91
|