TY - DATA T1 - Supplementary data for the paper 'Phantom braking in automated vehicles: A theoretical outline and cycling simulator demonstration' PY - 2024/03/08 AU - Siri Berge AU - Joost de Winter AU - Yan Feng AU - M.P. (Marjan) Hagenzieker UR - DO - 10.4121/3e441314-6fa1-4a42-8c8f-57d9e3b88785.v1 KW - Automated Vehicles KW - Cyclists KW - Cycling Simulator KW - Phantom Braking N2 -

The emerging use of automated driving systems introduces novel situations that may affect the safety of vulnerable road users such as cyclists. In this paper, we explain and conceptualise the phenomenon of phantom braking – sudden and unexpected deceleration – in automated vehicles. We apply signal detection theory to interpret phantom braking as a by-product of automated decision-making, with the vehicle favouring the avoidance of accidents at the cost of potentially causing rear-end accidents. To illustrate phantom braking and its effects on cyclists, we used a newly developed cycling simulator. An exploratory measurement conducted with a single cyclist participant revealed a possible complacency effect of the cyclist, with the cyclist’s decision-making mirroring the automated vehicle’s decision-making. The findings provide a testament to using cycling simulators for further exploration of the effects of phantom braking on cyclists. 

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