%0 Generic
%A Epke, Michael Ray
%A Kooijman, L. (Lars)
%A de Winter, Joost
%D 2021
%T Supplementary material for the paper 'I see your gesture: A VR-based study of bi-directional communication between pedestrians and automated vehicles'
%U https://data.4tu.nl/articles/dataset/Supplementary_material_for_the_paper_I_see_your_gesture_A_VR-based_study_of_bi-directional_communication_between_pedestrians_and_automated_vehicles_/14406944/1
%R 10.4121/14406944.v1
%K External Machine Interfaces
%K Explicit communication
%K Virtual reality
%X Supplementary data for the paper Epke, M. R., Kooijman, L., & De Winter, J. C. F. (2021). I see your gesture: a VR-based study of bidirectional communication between pedestrians and automated vehicles. Journal of Advanced Transportation.<br><p>Automated
vehicles (AVs) are able to detect pedestrians reliably but still have
difficulty in predicting pedestrians’ intentions from their implicit body
language. This study examined the effects of using explicit hand gestures and
receptive external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) in the interaction between
pedestrians and AVs. Twenty-six participants interacted with AVs in a virtual
environment while wearing a head-mounted display. The participants’ movements
in the virtual environment were visualized using a motion-tracking suit. The
first independent variable was the participants’ opportunity to use a hand
gesture to increase the probability that the AV would stop for them. The second
independent variable was the AV’s response “I SEE YOU,” displayed on an eHMI
when the vehicle yielded. Accordingly, one-way communication (gesture or eHMI)
and two-way communication (gesture and eHMI combined) were investigated. The
results showed that the participants decided to use hand gestures in 70% of the
trials. Furthermore, the eHMI improved the predictability of the AV’s behavior
compared to no eHMI, as inferred from self-reports and hand-use behavior. A
postexperiment questionnaire indicated that two-way communication was the most
preferred condition and that the eHMI alone was more preferred than the gesture
alone. The results further indicate limitations of hand gestures regarding
false-positive detection and confusion if the AV decides not to yield. It is
concluded that bidirectional human-robot communication has considerable
potential.</p><br>
%I 4TU.ResearchData