%0 Generic
%A Eisma, Yke Bauke
%A Bakay, Ahmed
%A de Winter, Joost
%D 2023
%T Supplementary data for the article: Expectancy or Salience? — Replicating Senders’ Dial-Monitoring Experiments With a Gaze-Contingent Window
%U 
%R 10.4121/01e73f2d-0f91-4a20-829c-8c678d3f8663.v1
%K Distributed attention
%K Supervisory control
%K Attentional processes
%K Eye movements
%K Replication study
%K Peripheral vision
%X <p>Introduction. In the 1950s and 1960, John Senders carried out a number of influential experiments on the monitoring of multidegree-of-freedom systems. In these experiments, participants were tasked to detect events (threshold crossings) for multiple dials, each presenting a different signal with different bandwidth. Senders’ analyses showed a nearlylinear relationship between signal bandwidth and the amount of attention paid to the dial, and he argued that humans sample according to bandwidth, in line with the NyquistShannon sampling theorem.</p><p>Objective. The current study tested whether humans indeed sample the dials based on bandwidth alone or whether they also use salient peripheral cues.</p><p>Methods. A dial-monitoring task was performed by 33 participants. In half of the trials, a gaze-contingent window was used that blocked peripheral vision.</p><p>Results. The results showed that, without peripheral vision, humans do not distribute their attention across the dials effectively. The results further suggest that, in the full-view condition, humans detect the speed of the dial through peripheral vision.</p><p>Conclusion. It is concluded that salience, rather than expectancies based on learned signal bandwidth, is the prime driver of distributed visual attention in the current dial-monitoring task.</p><p>Application. The present findings indicate that salience plays a major role in guiding human attention. A subsequent recommendation for future human-machine interface design is that task-critical elements should be made salient.</p>
%I 4TU.ResearchData